bbchausa verticals/081-Why we have a spine: Difference between revisions

| [[Why]] [[we]] [[have]] [[a]] [[spine]], [[when]] [[over]] [[90]]% [[of]] [[animals]] [[don't]]

| [[Me]] [[ya]] [[sa]] [[mafi]] [[yawan]] [[dabbobi]] [[ba]] [[su]] [[da]] [[kashin]] [[baya]]?

| [[15]] [[August]] [[2016]] [[By]] [[Josh]] [[Gabbatiss]]

| [[25]] [[Agusta]] [[2016]]

| [[Although]] [[the]] [[backbone]] [[is]] [[one]] [[of]] [[the]] [[most]] [[important]] [[innovations]] [[in]] [[the]] [[history]] [[of]] [[life]], [[its]] [[origins]] [[have]] [[long]] [[been]] [[shrouded]] [[in]] [[mystery]].

| [[Koda]] [[yake]] [[kashin]] [[baya]] [[na]] [[daga]] [[cikin]] [[muhimman]] [[kirkire]]-[[kirkire]] [[a]] [[tarihin]] [[halitta]], [[kawo]] [[yanzu]] [[an]] [[kasa]] [[tantance]] [[asalinsa]].

| [[A]] [[popular]] [[trope]] [[of]] [[science]] [[fiction]]

| [[Mafi]] [[yawan]] [[finafinan]] [[da]] [[ke]] [[kokarin]] [[nuna]] [[wata]] [[duniya]] [[ta]] [[daban]],

| [[From]] [[the]] [[octopoid]] [[Martians]] [[of]] [[War]] [[of]] [[the]] [[Worlds]]

| [[Kama]] [[daga]] [[halittun]] [[duniyar]] [[Mars]] [[masu]] [[kama]] [[da]] [[kaguwa]] [[a]] [[fim]] [[din]] [[War]] [[of]] [[the]] [[Worlds]]

| [[to]] [[the]] [[giant]] "[[bugs]]" [[of]] [[Starship]] [[Troopers]],

| [[zuwa]] [[ga]] [[manyan]] [[kwarin]] [[Starship]] [[Troopers]],

| [[Because]] [[as]] [[far]] [[as]] [[we]] [[are]] [[concerned]],

| [[Saboda]] [[mu]] [[a]] [[ganinmu]]

| [[Whether]] [[or]] [[not]] [[we]] [[are]] [[truly]] [[the]] "[[dominant]]" [[organisms]] [[on]] [[Earth]] [[is]] [[debatable]].

| [[Duk]] [[da]] [[dai]] [[ba]] [[tabbas]] [[cewa]] [[mu]] [[ne]] [[halittar]] [[da]] [[tafi]] [[kowacce]] [[iko]] [[a]] [[duniya]],

| [[But]] [[we]] [[are]] [[vertebrates]] –

| [[It]] [[is]] [[only]] [[natural]] [[that]] [[we]] [[find]] [[ourselves]] [[drawn]] [[to]] [[what]] [[Henry]] [[Gee]],

| [[Don]] [[haka]] [[ba]] [[mamaki]] [[idan]] [[mu]] [[ka]] [[bi]] [[abinda]] [[Henry]] [[Gee]],

| [[Senior]] [[Editor]] [[at]] [[Nature]], [[calls]]

| [[babban]] [[edita]] [[a]] [[mujallar]] [[Nature]] [[ke]] [[kira]]

| [[The]] [[spine]] [[is]] [[certainly]] [[a]] [[useful]] [[innovation]].

| [[Tabbas]] [[kashin]] [[baya]], [[gaba]] [[ce]] [[mai]] [[matukar]] [[amfani]].

| [[It]] [[provides]] [[support]] [[for]] [[the]] [[body]],

| [[Ta]] [[na]] [[tallafawa]] [[jiki]],

| [[The]] [[fact]] [[that]] [[our]] [[bodies]] [[are]] [[supported]] [[by]] [[an]] [[internal]] [[skeleton]] [[as]] [[opposed]] [[to]] [[an]] [[external]] [[one]] [[also]] [[allows]] [[for]] [[a]] [[greater]] [[range]] [[of]] [[movement]],

| [[Haka]] [[kuma]] [[samun]] [[kasusuwa]] [[a]] [[cikin]] [[jikinmu]] [[maimakon]] [[a]] [[waje]] [[ya]] [[bamu]] [[damar]] [[motsi]] [[iri]]-[[iri]],

| [[But]] [[seeing]] [[as]] [[over]] [[90]]% [[of]] [[all]] [[animals]] [[get]] [[by]] [[just]] [[fine]]

| [[Sai]] [[kuma]] [[ganin]] [[cewa]] [[fiye]] [[da]] [[kaso]] [[90]]% [[na]] [[dabbobin]] [[duniya]] [[na]] [[rayuwa]] [[ne]]

| [[How]] [[did]] [[the]] [[spine]] [[emerge]] [[from]] [[a]] [[spineless]] [[world]]?

| [[Yaya]] [[aka]] [[yi]] [[kashin]] [[baya]] [[ya]] [[bulla]] [[a]] [[duniyar]] [[da]] [[a]] [[da]] [[babu]] [[kashin]] [[bayan]]?

| [[The]] [[evolutionary]] [[leap]] [[that]] [[birthed]] [[the]] [[vertebrates]] [[took]] [[place]] [[during]] [[the]] [[Cambrian]] [[period]]

| [[Dabbobi]] [[masu]] [[kashin]] [[baya]] [[dai]] [[sun]] [[bayyana]] [[a]] [[duniya]] [[ne]]

| [[Prior]] [[to]] [[this]],

| [[Kafin]] [[wannan]] [[zamanin]],

| [[That]] [[was]] [[pretty]] [[much]] [[it]].

| [[Shi]] [[ke]] [[nan]].

| [[Then]], [[boom]]!

| [[Kwatsam]]!

| [[In]] [[an]] [[event]] [[known]] [[as]] [[the]] [[Cambrian]] [[explosion]],

| [[Sai]] [[aka]] [[wayi]] [[gari]]

| [[Earth's]] [[oceans]] [[were]] [[filled]] [[with]] [[a]] [[huge]] [[array]] [[of]] [[life]] [[forms]].

| [[Within]] [[a]] [[few]] [[tens]] [[of]] [[millions]] [[of]] [[years]]

| [[Cikin]] [[miliyoyin]] [[shekaru]] [[kadan]]

| [[Animals]] [[that]] [[looked]] [[something]] [[like]] [[today's]] [[lampreys]] [[and]] [[hagfish]].

| [[Wato]] [[dabbobi]] [[masu]] [[kama]] [[da]] [[kifi]]-[[kifi]], [[maciji]]-[[maciji]].

| [[These]] [[creatures]] [[were]] [[some]] [[of]] [[the]] [[first]] [[vertebrates]].

| [[Wadannan]] [[dabbobin]] [[su]] [[ne]] [[masu]] [[kashin]] [[baya]] [[na]] [[farko]].

| [[The]] [[notochord]] [[was]] [[the]] [[precursor]] [[to]] [[the]] [[backbone]],

| [[Sai]] [[dai]] [[kahsin]] [[bayan]] [[nasu]] [[na]] [[kaya]] [[ne]] [[ba]] [[na]] [[kashi]] [[ba]].

| [[Daga]] [[nan]] [[ya]] [[zama]] [[kashi]] [[irin]] [[wanda]] [[ake]] [[samu]] [[a]] [[halittun]] [[da]] [[su]] [[ka]] [[kama]] [[daga]] [[beraye]],

| [[We]] [[know]] [[where]] [[these]] [[first]] [[vertebrates]] [[came]] [[from]].

| [[Mun]] [[san]] [[inda]] [[wadannan]] [[halittun]] [[su]] [[ka]] [[fara]] [[bayyana]].

| [[Their]] [[predecessors]] [[are]] [[represented]] [[by]] [[fossils]] [[from]] [[those]] [[Cambrian]] [[seas]]:

| [[An]] [[samu]] [[kwarangwal]] [[din]] [[kakannninsu]] [[a]] [[karkashin]] [[teku]]:

| [[worm]]-[[like]] [[animals]] [[like]] [[Pikaia]] [[and]] [[Haikouella]].

| [[These]] [[animals]] [[are]] [[not]] [[vertebrates]],

| [[Su]] [[ba]] [[su]] [[da]] [[kashin]] [[baya]]

| [[They]] [[belong]] [[in]] [[a]] [[more]] [[inclusive]] [[category]] [[called]] [[the]] [[chordates]], [[which]] [[incorporates]] [[vertebrates]] [[and]] [[a]] [[few]] [[vertebrate]]-[[like]] [[groups]].

| [[Wannan]] [[ne]] [[ya]] [[sa]] [[mu]] [[kan]] [[mu]] [[kan]] [[fara]] [[da]] [[kayar]] [[baya]] [[ne]] [[kafin]] [[ta]] [[zama]] [[kashi]] [[a]] [[lokacin]] [[da]] [[muna]] ‘[[yan]] [[tayi]].

| [[But]] [[the]] [[question]] [[of]] [[exactly]] [[where]] [[those]] [[first]] [[chordates]] [[came]] [[from]] [[has]] [[long]] [[proved]] [[controversial]].

| [[Sai]] [[dai]] [[kuma]] [[su]] [[wadancan]] [[halittun]] [[masu]] [[kaya]] [[daga]] [[ina]] [[su]] [[ka]] [[bullo]]?

| [[In]] [[1909]], [[the]] [[golden]] [[jubilee]] [[of]] [[Darwin's]] [[On]] [[the]] [[Origin]] [[of]] [[Species]],

| [[A]] [[1909]], [[shekaru]] [[hamsin]] [[bayan]] [[wallafa]] [[littafin]] [[Asalin]] [[Halittu]] [[na]] [[Charles]] [[Darwin]],

| [[the]] [[Linnean]] [[Society]] [[of]] [[London]] [[organised]] [[an]] [[event]] [[to]] [[explore]] [[the]] [[origin]] [[of]] [[the]] [[vertebrates]].

| [[wata]] [[kungiyar]] [[masana]] [[a]] [[London]] [[ta]] [[hada]] [[taron]] [[tattaunawa]] [[da]] [[nufin]] [[gano]] [[asalin]] [[dabbobi]] [[masu]] [[kashin]] [[baya]].

| [[It]] [[was]] [[not]] [[a]] [[rousing]] [[success]]:

| [[Ba]] [[su]] [[sami]] [[nasara]] [[ba]]:

| [[The]] [[disputants]] [[agreed]] [[on]] [[one]] [[single]] [[point]],

| “[[Masanan]] [[sun]] [[amince]] [[da]] [[abu]] [[daya]] [[ne]] [[kawai]],”

| [[quipped]] [[zoologist]] [[Thomas]] [[Stebbing]]:

| [[in]] [[ji]] [[masanin]] [[dabbobi]] [[Thomas]] [[Stebbing]]:

| [[Over]] [[the]] [[years]],

| [[A]] [[tsawon]] [[shekarun]] [[da]] [[su]] [[ka]] [[gabata]]

| [[The]] [[fossil]] [[evidence]] [[to]] [[reliably]] [[answer]] [[the]] [[question]] [[is]] [[lacking]].

| [[This]] [[is]] [[because]] [[unlike]] [[later]] [[vertebrates]],

| [[Wannan]] [[kuwa]] [[ya]] [[faru]] [[ne]] [[saboda]] [[sabanin]] [[dabbobi]] [[masu]] [[kashin]] [[baya]],

| [[Today]], [[only]] [[faded]] [[imprints]] [[of]] [[their]] [[soft]] [[bodies]] [[remain]].

| [[Babu]] [[abinda]] [[ya]] [[rage]] [[a]] [[yanzu]] [[sai]] [[shatar]] [[jikinsu]] [[a]] [[duwatsun]] [[karkashin]] [[teku]].

| [[That]] [[said]], [[in]] [[the]] [[past]] [[few]] [[decades]]

| [[Sai]] [[dai]] [[a]] [[baya]] [[bayan]] [[nan]],

| [[This]] [[has]] [[included]] [[the]] [[finding]] [[that]] [[some]] [[of]] [[our]] [[closest]] [[invertebrate]] [[relatives]] [[are]]

| [[Masanan]] [[sun]] [[ce]] [[muna]] [[da]] [[dangantaka]] [[ta]] [[kusa]] [[da]] [[wasu]]

| [[that]] [[includes]] [[the]] [[familiar]] [[starfish]], [[sea]] [[urchins]] [[and]] [[sea]] [[cucumbers]], [[as]] [[well]] [[as]] [[some]] [[unusual]] [[worm]]-[[like]] [[animals]] [[called]] [[the]] [[hemichordates]]. [[Like]] [[all]] [[of]] [[these]] [[animals]], [[we]] [[are]] [[deuterostomes]] – [[meaning]] [[that]] [[during]] [[embryo]] [[development]], [[our]] [[anus]] [[forms]] [[before]] [[our]] [[mouth]].

| [[This]] [[means]] [[that]] [[we]] [[are]], [[ultimately]], [[defined]] [[by]] [[our]] [[anus]], [[which]] [[is]] [[a]] [[bit]] [[humbling]].

| [[Wato]] [[ke]] [[nan]] [[dai]] [[ta]]-[[kashinmu]] [[ita]] [[ce]] [[siffar]] [[da]] [[ake]] [[amfani]] [[da]] [[ita]] [[wurin]] [[gano]] [[dangantakarmu]].

| [[Though]] [[we]] [[appear]] [[to]] [[look]] [[nothing]] [[like]] [[sea]] [[urchins]] [[and]] [[their]] [[ilk]], [[we]] [[do]] [[share]] [[a]] [[common]] [[ancestor]],

| [[Koda]] [[yake]] [[babu]] [[wata]] [[kama]] [[da]] [[muka]] [[yi]] [[ta]] [[zahiri]] [[da]] [[wadancan]] [[dabbobin]] [[ruwan]] [[da]] [[tsutsotsi]], [[alamu]] [[na]] [[nuna]] [[cewa]] [[kakanninmu]] [[daya]],

| [[which]] [[according]] [[to]] [[Linda]] [[Holland]],

| [[wadanda]] [[Linda]] [[Holland]],

| [[a]] [[chordate]] [[researcher]] [[at]] [[the]] [[Scripps]] [[Institution]] [[of]] [[Oceanography]], [[USA]],

| [[mai]] [[nazarin]] [[dabbobi]] [[a]] [[cibiyar]] [[binciken]] [[ilimin]] [[teku]] [[ta]] [[Scripps]] [[da]] [[ke]] [[Amurka]] [[ke]] [[cewa]]

| [[Then]], [[one]] [[of]] [[those]] [[early]] [[deuterostomes]] [[became]] [[the]] [[very]] [[first]] [[chordate]] [[by]] [[gaining]] [[a]] [[notochord]].

| [[Daga]] [[cikin]] [[dangin]] [[dabbobin]] [[da]] [[kan]] [[fara]] [[yin]] [[kofar]] [[kashi]] [[kafin]] [[baki]], [[a]] [[lokacin]] [[da]] [[su]] [[na]] ‘[[yan]] [[tayi]] [[ne]] [[aka]] [[samu]] [[wani]] [[da]] [[ya]] [[fara]] [[yin]] [[kaya]].

| [[Nori]] [[Satoh]], [[a]] [[researcher]] [[at]] [[the]] [[Okinawa]] [[Institute]] [[of]] [[Science]] [[and]] [[Technology]] [[in]] [[Japan]],

| [[Nori]] [[Satoh]], [[mai]] [[bincike]] [[a]] [[cibiyar]] [[kimiyya]] [[da]] [[fasaha]] [[ta]] [[Okinawa]], [[Japan]]

| [[I]] [[have]] [[proposed]] [[that]] [[the]] [[occurrence]] [[of]] [[tadpole]]-[[like]] [[larvae]] [[is]] [[a]] [[key]] [[event]] [[that]] [[caused]] [[the]] [[evolution]] [[of]] [[chordates]], [[he]] [[explains]].

| [[Ya]] [[ce]]: “[[Ina]] [[ganin]] [[samuwar]] [[halittu]] [[masu]] [[yanayin]] [[talibamban]] [[ne]] [[asalin]] [[fara]] [[samun]] [[dabbobi]] [[masu]] [[kayar]] [[baya]].”

| [[Early]] [[in]] [[life]],

| [[A]] [[farkon]] [[rayuwarsu]],

| [[many]] [[deuterostomes]] [[pass]] [[through]] [[a]] [[larval]] [[stage]]. [[But]] [[while]] [[acorn]] [[worm]] [[or]] [[sea]] [[urchin]] [[larvae]] [[might]] [[swim]] [[about]] [[by]] [[rhythmically]] [[moving]] [[tiny]] [[hair]]-[[like]] [[structures]] – [[cilia]] – [[on]] [[their]] [[bodies]], [[chordate]] [[larvae]] [[have]] [[a]] [[tail]] [[that]] [[they]] [[beat]].

| [[dabbobin]] [[da]] [[kofar]] [[kashi]] [[kan]] [[riga]] [[baki]] [[fitowa]] [[lokacin]] [[su]] [[na]] ‘[[yan]] [[tayi]], [[kan]] [[sauya]] [[daga]] [[kwai]] [[zuwa]] [[wata]] [[halitta]] [[mai]] [[kamar]] [[tsutsa]], [[yayinda]] [[wasu]] [[daga]] [[cikinsu]] [[ke]] [[da]] [[wasu]] [[irin]] [[kananan]] [[gasu]] [[da]] [[ke]] [[taimakonsu]] [[ninkaya]] [[a]] [[ruwa]], [[dabbobi]] [[masu]] [[kayar]] [[baya]] [[na]] [[da]] [[jela]] [[ne]]. [[Don]] [[haka]] [[Satoh]] [[ya]] [[ce]]: “[[Kayar]] [[ta]] [[bullo]] [[ne]] [[domin]] [[ta]] [[ba]] [[su]] [[damar]] [[buga]] [[jelar]] [[yayin]] [[iyo]].”

| [[The]] [[notochord]] [[is]] [[the]] [[supporting]] [[organ]] [[of]] [[the]] [[beating]] [[tail]], [[says]] [[Satoh]].

| [[Bayan]] [[shudewar]] [[zamani]] [[ne]] [[sai]] [[tsarin]] [[jikin]] [[dabbobi]] [[masu]] [[kayar]] [[baya]] [[ya]] [[fara]] [[sauya]] [[kadan]]-[[kadan]].

| [[Satoh]] [[thinks]] [[this]] [[is]] [[obvious]]. "[[Swimming]] [[with]] [[a]] [[beating]] [[tail]] [[is]] [[much]] [[more]] [[efficient]] [[than]] [[locomotion]] [[with]] [[ciliary]] [[beats]]," [[he]] [[says]]. "[[The]] [[notochord]] [[gave]] [[the]] [[earliest]] [[chordates]] [[a]] [[unique]] [[advantage]]."

| [[A]] [[cewar]] [[Holland]]: “[[Ina]] [[ganin]] [[garin]] [[girman]] [[jikin]] [[dabbobin]] [[ne]] [[ya]] [[sa]] [[su]] [[ka]] [[fara]] [[bukatar]] [[wata]] [[gabar]] [[wacce]] [[tafi]] [[kaya]] [[kwari]] [[wurin]] [[yin]] [[iyo]] [[a]] [[ruwa]].”

| [[From]] [[our]] [[perspective]], [[it]] [[is]] [[easy]] [[to]] [[see]] [[the]] [[later]] [[evolution]] [[of]] [[the]] [[vertebrates]] [[as]] [[a]] [[March]] [[of]] [[Progress]]: [[early]] [[vertebrates]] [[gave]] [[way]] [[to]] [[fish]], [[which]] [[gained]] [[legs]]

| [[A]] [[yanzu]] [[sai]] [[mu]] [[ga]] [[cewa]] [[sassauyawar]] [[halitta]] [[daga]] [[kakannin]] [[kakanninmu]] [[masu]] [[kayar]] [[baya]], [[zuwa]] [[kifaye]],

| [[But]] [[viewing]] [[vertebrate]] [[history]] [[as]] [[a]] [[straightforward]] [[progression]] [[from]] [[humble]] [[origins]] [[to]] [[humanity]] [[is]] [[misleading]].

| [[Sai]] [[dai]] [[kuskure]] [[ne]] [[mu]] [[dauka]] [[cewa]] [[tarihin]] [[sassauyawar]] [[halittu]] [[ya]] [[faru]] [[ne]] [[kai]] [[tsaye]].

| [[When]] [[researchers]]

| [[Lokacin]] [[da]] [[masu]] [[bincike]]

| [[at]] [[the]] [[European]] [[Molecular]] [[Biology]] [[Laboratory]]

| [[a]] [[cibiyar]] [[nazarin]] [[halittu]] [[ta]] [[nahiyar]] [[Turai]]

| [[Intriguingly]], [[it]] [[also]] [[suggested]] [[just]] [[how]] [[wrong]] [[our]] [[march]] [[of]] [[progress]] [[image]] [[really]] [[is]].

| [[Wannan]] [[ya]] [[nuna]] [[cewa]] [[ba]] [[kai]] [[tsaye]] [[halittu]] [[kan]] [[sauya]] [[daki]]-[[daki]] [[kamar]] [[yadda]] [[muka]] [[dauka]] [[a]] [[baya]] [[ba]].

| [[The]] [[appearance]] [[of]] [[the]] [[notochord]] [[might]] [[not]] [[have]] [[been]] [[a]] [[seminal]] [[turning]] [[point]] [[in]] [[the]] [[history]] [[of]] [[life]] [[after]] [[all]].

| [[Mai]] [[yiwuwa]] [[ne]] [[ma]] [[tun]] [[tuni]] [[kakannin]] [[kakannin]] [[kakanninmu]] [[su]] [[ka]] [[fara]] [[yin]] [[kaya]] [[amma]] [[daga]] [[bisani]] [[su]] [[ka]] [[yi]] [[watsi]] [[da]] [[ita]] [[da]] [[su]] [[ka]] [[fahimci]] [[cewa]] [[babu]] [[wani]] [[amfani]] [[da]] [[za]] [[ta]] [[yi]] [[musu]] [[a]] [[rayuwarsu]] [[ta]] [[karkashin]] [[teku]].

| [[Sci]]-[[fi]] [[depictions]] [[of]] [[invertebrate]] [[supremacy]] [[may]] [[be]] [[a]] [[little]] [[off]] [[the]] [[mark]], [[but]] [[numerically]] [[at]] [[least]], [[our]] [[world]] [[is]] [[dominated]] [[by]] [[creatures]] [[that]] [[to]] [[us]] [[seem]] [[simple]].

| [[Ashe]] [[ke]] [[nan]] [[finafinan]] [[da]] [[ke]] [[nuna]] [[daukakar]] [[dabbobi]] [[masu]] [[kaya]] [[kan]] [[mara]] [[sa]] [[kaya]] [[sun]] [[kauce]] [[hanya]], [[tun]] [[da]] [[akalla]] [[ko]] [[dai]] [[a]] [[yawan]] [[adadi]], [[dabbobi]] [[marasa]] [[kashin]] [[baya]] [[sun]] [[fi]] [[masu]] [[kashin]] [[bayan]].

| [[Some]] [[even]] [[lack]] [[many]] [[of]] [[the]] [[traits]] [[we]] [[would]] [[associate]] [[with]] [[animals]], [[such]] [[as]] [[mobility]] [[or]] [[a]] [[head]].

| [[Wasunsu]] [[ma]] [[ba]] [[su]] [[da]] [[dabi]]’[[o]]’[[in]] [[da]] [[muke]] [[dangantawa]] [[da]] [[dabbobi]] [[irin]] [[su]] [[motsi]] [[ko]] [[kuma]] [[mallakar]] [[kai]].

| [[Evolution]] [[has]] [[no]] [[end]] [[point]].

| [[Sassauyawar]] [[halittu]] [[ba]] [[shi]] [[da]] [[magaryar]] [[tukewa]].

| [[There]] [[is]] [[no]] [[ideal]] [[that]] [[it]] [[is]] [[striving]] [[towards]].

| [[Babu]] [[wani]] [[mataki]] [[da]] [[halittu]] [[ke]] [[kokarin]] [[kai]] [[wa]].

| [[A]] [[starfish]] [[is]] [[as]] [[highly]]-[[evolved]] [[as]] [[a]] [[human]],

| [[Kifin]] [[da]] [[ke]] [[cikin]] [[ruwa]] [[daidai]] [[ya]] [[ke]] [[da]] [[dan]] [[Adam]] [[a]] [[cikar]] [[halittarsa]],

| [[So]] [[remember]],

| [[Don]] [[haka]] [[a]] [[kula]],