| 1. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20140421-inside-the-minds-of-the-dead
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1. https://www.bbc.com/hausa/vert-fut-42184433
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| 2. Reading the minds of the ‘dead’
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2. Ana iya gane aikin kwakwalwar matattu?
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| 3. By Roger Highfield 21st April 2014
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3. Daga Roger Highfield 4 Disamba 2017
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| 4. Thousands of patients
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4. Dubban marasa lafiya
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| 5. remain trapped in a vegetative state between life and death.
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5. na nan a dabaibayin langabun rashin sanin inda kansu yake, a yanayin rai kwakwai, mutu kwakwai (tsakanin rayuwa da mutuwa).
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| 6. Three scientists are working to free them, as Roger Highfield reports.
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6. Manyan masana kimiyya uku na kokarin ceto su, kamar yadda Roger ya kawo rahotanni al'amuran.
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| 7. “Imagine you wake up, locked inside a box,” says Adrian Owen.
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7. "Kaddara ka farka a cikin wani akwati, a cewar Adrian Owen.
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| 8. "It's a perfect fit, down to every last one of your
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8. "Ka ji garau tun daga
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| 9. fingers
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9. kan yatsun hannu
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| 10. and toes.
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10. zuwa yatsun kafa.
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| 11. It's a strange
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11. Lamarin ya yi bambarakwai
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| 12. box
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12. a akwati
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| 13. because you can listen to absolutely everything going on around you, yet your voice cannot be heard.
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13. tunda kana jin komai da ake yi a kewaye da kai, amma ba za a iya jin muryarka ba.
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| 14. In fact, the box fits so tightly around your face and lips that you can't speak, or make a noise.
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14. A gaskiya ma akwati garkame yake kam daure da fuskarka da lebanta ta yadda ba za ka iya magana ba ko wani surutu.
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| 15. At first, this feels like a game.
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15. Da farko, wannan al'amari ya yi kama da wasa.
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| 16. Then reality sets in.
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16. Sai batu na gaskiya.
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| 17. You see and hear your family lamenting your fate.
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17. Kana gani da jin yadda 'yan uwanka ke alhinin makomar da ka samu kanka.
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| 18. You're too cold.
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18. Ka daskare da sanyi.
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| 19. Then too hot.
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19. Sai kuma ka dumame da zafi.
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| 20. You're always thirsty.
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20. Ko da yaushe kana fama da kishirwa
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| 21. The visits of your friends and family dwindle.
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21. Ziyarar abokai da 'yan uwa sai ta ragu.
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| 22. Your partner moves on. And there's nothing you can do about it."
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22. Abokin zamanka shi ma ya dakata. Kuma babu abin da za ka iya yi kan haka."
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| 23. Owen and I are talking on Skype.
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23. Ni da Owen muna tattaunawa a kafar sadarwa ta Skype.
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| 24. I’m sitting in London, UK,
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24. Har yanzu ina nan a Landan, qasar Birtaniya,
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| 25. and he’s in another London
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25. shi ma yana nan a Landan
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| 26. three-and-a-half thousand miles away at the University of Western Ontario, Canada.
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26. kimnanin mil dubu uku da rabi daga Jami'ar Western Ontario ta qasar Canada.
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| 27. Owen’s reddish hair
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27. Jan gashin Owen
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| 28. and close-cropped beard
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28. da gemunsa da aka daddatse
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| 29. loom large on my screen
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29. sun bayyana akan akwatin talabijin dina,
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| 30. as he becomes animated describing the torment of those with no voice: his patients.
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30. inda aka yi mini zayyanarsa tare da kwatanta mini yadda wadanda ba sa iya magana ke shan azaba: marasa lafiyar da yake kula da su.
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| 31. People in a “vegetative state”
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31. Mutanen da "rashin lafiya ta langabar da su"
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| 32. are awake yet unaware.
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32. a farke suke ba tare da saninsu ba.
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| 33. Their eyes can open and sometimes wander.
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33. Idanunsu a bude har a wasu lokutan suka jujjuya.
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| 34. They can smile,
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34. Suna iya yin murmushi,
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| 35. grasp another’s hand,
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35. su kama hannun wani,
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| 36. cry,
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36. su yi kuka
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| 37. groan or grunt.
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37. ko gyaran murya.
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| 38. But they are indifferent to a hand clap,
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38. Sai dai motsin tafa hannu bai dame su ba,
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| 39. unable to see or to understand speech.
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39. ba sa iya gani ko fahimtar magana.
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| 40. Their motions are not purposeful but reflexive.
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40. Motsinsu ba da niyya ko manufa, sai dai kwatsam ya bijiro.
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| 41. They appear to have shed their memories,
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41. Alamu na nuna abin da ke damfare a kwakwalwarsu ya gushe,
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| 42. emotions and intentions,
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42. babu sosuwar zuciya ko kudura niyya,
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| 43. those qualities that make each one of us an individual.
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43. wasu dabi'u da suka ta'allaka a jikin daidaikunmu.
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| 44. Their minds remain firmly shut.
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44. Tunaninsu ya garkame gam.
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| 45. Still, when their eyelids flutter open,
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45. Har yanzu dai, idan idanunsu suka bude,
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| 46. you are always left wondering if there’s a glimmer of consciousness.
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46. sai a barka da mamakin cewa akwai dan burbushin farkawa tattare da su.
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| 47. A decade ago,
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47. Shekaru goma baya,
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| 48. the answer would have been a bleak and emphatic no.
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48. amsar tambaya kan lamari kawai ba a bukatarta ko kuma a ce kawai a'a!
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| 49. Not any longer.
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49. Kada a sake bijiro da ita ko kadan,
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| 50. Using brain scanners,
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50. ta hanyar amfani da na'urar daukar hoton bibiyar kwakwalwa,
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| 51. Owen has found that some may be trapped inside their bodies
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51. Owen ya gano cewa wasu kawai a dabaibaye suke a daure cikin jikinsu,
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| 52. yet able to think and feel to varying extents.
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52. duk da haka suna iya yin tunani har su dan ji wani abu gwargwadon hali.
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| 53. The number of patients with disorders of consciousness has soared in recent decades,
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53. Yawan majiyatan da ke fama da matsalar kasa farfadowa suna karuwa a shekrun nan,
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| 54. ironically,
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54. wani abin mamakin ma shi ne
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| 55. because doctors have steadily got better at saving patients with catastrophic injuries.
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55. likitoci sun samu dabarun ceto marasa lafiyar da suka samu munanan raunuka.
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| 56. Today, trapped,
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56. A yau, majiyatan da jikinsu ke dabaibaye da
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| 57. damaged
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57. jagwabewa
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| 58. and diminished minds
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58. da tsukewar kwakwalwa
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| 59. inhabit clinics and nursing homes worldwide –
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59. sun mamaye asibitoci a fadin duniya -
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| 60. in Europe alone the number of new coma cases is estimated to be around 230,000 annually,
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60. a Turai kawai yawan wadanda suke a some suna kaiwa kimanin 230,000 a kowace shekarta,
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| 61. of which some 30,000 will languish in a persistent vegetative state.
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61. inda daga cikinsu 30,00 ke kasancewa a yanayin langwabewa.
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| 62. They are some of the most tragic
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62. Irin wadanan su ne wadanda suka fi shiga matsanancin hali,
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| 63. and expensive artefacts of modern intensive care.
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63. inda ake tarairayarsu da na'urorin kula da lafiya na zamani masu tsada.
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| 64. Owen knows this only too well.
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64. Owen na da matukar fahimtar lamarin.
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| 65. In 1997, a close friend set off on her usual cycle to work.
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65. A shekarar 1997, wata kawarsa ta kud-da-kud ta ta shi yadda ta saba ta hau keke don zuwa wajen aiki.
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| 66. Anne [[[name]] changed] had a weak spot on a blood vessel in her head,
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66. Anne (wadda aka sauya sunanta) ta samu nakasu a magudanar jininta da ke kaiwa ga kokon kai,
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| 67. known as a brain aneurysm.
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67. wadda aka sani da raunannar jijiyar jinin kwakwalwa.
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| 68. Five minutes into her trip,
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68. Minti biyar da fara tafiyarta,
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| 69. the aneurysm burst and she crashed into a tree.
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69. sai langababbiyar jijiyar makwararar jininta ta fashe, inda nan take ta yi karo da wata bishiya.
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| 70. She never regained consciousness.
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70. Daga nan ba ta sake farfadowa ba.
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| 71. The tragedy left Owen numb,
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71. Wannan musifa ta sa Owen ya shiga zurfin tunani,
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| 72. yet Anne’s accident would shape the rest of his life.
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72. ta yarda hadarin Anne ya kawo masa sauyi tsawon rayuwarsa.
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| 73. He began to wonder if there was a way to determine which of these patients were in an unconscious coma, which were conscious and which were somewhere in between?
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73. Daga nan ya fara jefa alamar tambaya kan marasa lafiyar da ke cikin matsananciyar suma da wadanda sumarsu ba ta ta'azzara ba, da kuma wadanda suka samu kansu a tsakanin al'amuran biyu (matsanaciya da sassaukar suma)?
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| 74. That year,
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74. A wannan shekarar,
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| 75. he had moved to the Medical Research Council’s Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit in Cambridge,
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75. sai ya koma Cibiyar binciken Likitanci da ke nazarin fannoni kimiyyar kwakwalwa a Cambridge,
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| 76. where researchers used various scanning techniques.
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76. inda masu bincike suka yi amfani da dabarun daukar hotuna daban-daban.
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| 77. One, positron emission tomography (PET),
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77. Daya daga cikin dabarun mai lakabin PET
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| 78. highlights different metabolic processes in the brain,
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78. na nuna yadda kwakwalwa ke gudanar da ayyuka,
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| 79. such as oxygen and sugar use.
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79. wadanda suka hada da amfani da iskar oxygen da sarrafa sukari.
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| 80. Another, known as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), can reveal active centres in the brain by detecting the tiny surges in blood flow that take place as a mind whirrs.
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80. Gudar dabarar kuwa mai lakabin fMRI na nuna sassan kwakwalwa da ke aiki ta hanyar gano dishi-dishin jini da ke kwarara da yawa.
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| 81. Owen wondered whether he could use these technologies to reach out to patients,
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81. Owen ya cika da tunanin yin amfani da wannan fasahar kere-kere ga majiyata,
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| 82. like his friend, stuck between sensibility and oblivion.
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82. irin kawarsa da ke halin rai kwakwai, mutu kwakwai.
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| 83. Conscious decision
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83. Kudurin farfadowa
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| 84. Half a century ago,
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84. Tsawon rabin karni da ya wuce,
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| 85. if your heart stopped beating
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85. idan zuciyarka ta daina bugawa
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| 86. you could be pronounced dead even though you may have been entirely conscious as the doctor sent you to the morgue.
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86. sai a tabbatar da mutuwarka ko da daukacin jikinka na farke sai kawai likitoci su turaka wajen adana gawa (macuware).
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| 87. This, in all likelihood,
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87. Wannan lamarin
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| 88. could explain notorious accounts through history of those who ‘came back from the dead’.
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88. shi ke nuni da cewa a tarihi an sha samun wadanda "suka mutu, suka farfado."
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| 89. As recently as 2011,
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89. Tamkar yadda ta faru a shekarar 2011,
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| 90. a council in the Malatya province
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90. inda a Majalisar Lardin Malatya
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| 91. of central Turkey
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91. da ke tsakiyar kasar Turkiyya
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| 92. announced it had built a morgue with a warning system and refrigerator doors that could be opened from the inside.
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92. ta ba da sanarwar kera macuware mai nakararwa da kofofin sanyaya gawa da ake iya bude su daga ciki.
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| 93. The problem is that
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93. Matsalar dai ita ce
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| 94. the scientific definition of “death” remains as unresolved as the definition of “consciousness”.
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94. har yanzu ma'anar da kimiyya ta bai wa "mutuwa" ba a cimma matsaya kanta ba, tamkar yadda "farkawa" take.
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| 95. Being alive is no longer linked to having a beating heart, explains Owen.
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95. Kasancewa a raye yanzu bas hi da alaka da bugun zuciya, kamar yadda Owen ya bayyana.
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| 96. If I have an artificial heart, am I dead?
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96. Idan ina da zuciyar dashe, shin na mutu ke nan?
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| 97. If you are on a life-support machine, are you dead?
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97. Idan na'urar na tarairayar rayuwarka, ana nufin ka mutu ke nan?
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| 98. Is a failure to sustain independent life a reasonable definition of death?
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98. Gazawar gudanar da harkokin rayuwa a kashin kai na nufin mutuwa ke nan?
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| 99. No, otherwise we would all be “dead” in the nine months before birth.
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99. A'a, sabanin haka lamarin yake, domin da tuni daukacinmu mun "mutu" cikin watanni tara kafin a haife mu.
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| 100. The issue becomes murkier
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100. Lamarin na dada rincabewa
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| 101. when we consider
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101. idan muka yi la'akari da
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| 102. those trapped in the twilight worlds between normal life and death –
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102. wadanda ke dabaibaye a tsakanin rayuwa da mutuwa -
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| 103. from those who slip in and out of awareness,
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103. tun daga kan wadanda suka san inda suke da ma wadanda ba su san inda kansu yake ba,
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| 104. who are trapped in a ‘minimally conscious state’,
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104. wadanda ke dabaibaye a "tsukukun sumar farkawa,'
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| 105. to those who are severely impaired in a vegetative state or a coma.
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105. har zuwa kan wadanda jikinsu ke langabe ko doguwar suma.
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| 106. These patients first appeared in the wake of the development of the artificial respirator during the 1950s in Denmark,
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106. Wadannan majiyatan alamu na nuna a farke suke ta hanyar kakaba musu bututun shaker iska cikin shekarun 1950 a kasar Denmark,
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| 107. an invention that redefined the end of life
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107. wata kirkirar fasaha da ke nuni da karshen rayuwa
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| 108. in terms of the idea of brain death
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108. bisa la'akari da da mutuwar kwakwalwa,
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| 109. and created the specialty of intensive care,
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109. ta hanyar samar da kyakkyawar kulawa,
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| 110. in which unresponsive and comatose patients who seemed unable to wake up again were written off as
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110. inda ake gane marasa lafiyar da suka ki tashi sai a kimanta su a matsayin
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| 111. “vegetables” or
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111. "langababbu" ko
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| 112. “jellyfish”.
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112. "taushin jiki (irin na kifi mai fila-filai - jelly fish)".
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| 113. As is always the case when treating patients,
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113. Kamar yadda aka saba duk sa'adda ake yi wa marasa lafiya magani,
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| 114. definitions are critical:
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114. yanke matsaya na da wahala:
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| 115. understanding the chances of recovery,
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115. wato fahimtar yiwuwar rayuwarsa, tattare da
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| 116. the benefits of treatments and so on all depend on a precise diagnosis.
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116. alfanun maganin da ake yi da sauran al'amuran da suka danganta kan hakikanin cutar da aka gano.
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| 117. In the 1960s,
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117. A shekarun 1960,
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| neurologist Fred Plum
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masanin sarrafa sakonnin kwakwalwa Fred Plum
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| 118. in New York and
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118. a New York da
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| 119. neurosurgeon Bryan Jennett in Glasgow carried out pioneering work to understand and categorise disorders of consciousness.
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119. mai tiyatar jijiyar laka Bryan Jennett a Glasgow su suka fara gudanar da bincike don gano yadda za a kimanta rukunin farfadowa farkawa.
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| 120. Plum coined the term “locked-in syndrome”,
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120. Plum ya kirkiro lakabin "matsalar dabaibayewa,"
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| 121. in which a patient is aware and awake but cannot move or talk.
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121. inda mara lafiya ya san inda kansa yake a farko, amma ba zai iya motsi ko Magana ba.
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| 122. With Plum, Jennett devised
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122. Tare da Plum, Jenett ya kirkiro
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| 123. the Glasgow Coma Scale
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123. ma'aunin sumar Glasgow (Glasgow Coma Scale)
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| 124. to rate the depth of coma,
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124. don kimanta yanayin suma,
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| 125. and Jennett followed up with the Glasgow Outcome Scale
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125. sai Jennett ya sake samar da wani ma'aunin sakamakon Glasgow
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| 126. to weigh up the extent of recovery,
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126. don kimanta yanayin farfadowa,
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| 127. from death to mild disability.
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127. wato daga mutuwa zuwa 'yar karamar nakasa.
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| 128. Together they adopted the term
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128. Gaba dayansu sai suka rika amfani da lakabin
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| 129. “persistent vegetative state”
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129. “matsanancin langabewar jiki”
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| 130. for patients who, they wrote,
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130. ga marasa lafiyar da suka rubuta
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| 131. “have periods of wakefulness when their eyes are open and move;
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131. "kimar lokacin farfadowarsu da zarar idanunsu sun bude suna motsi;
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| 132. their responsiveness is limited to primitive postural and reflex movements of the limbs, and they never speak.”
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132. tasirin warkewarsu an ta'allaka shi ga motsin gabobi ko karsashin gabar da aka taba, kuma ba sa taba yin magana."
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| 133. In 2002, Jennett was among a group of neurologists who chose the phrase
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133. A shekarar 2002, Jennett na cikin gungun masana aikin kwakwalwa da suka yi furucin
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| 134. “minimally conscious”
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134. "farkawa kadan"
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| 135. to describe those who are sometimes awake
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135. don kwatanta wadanda a wani lokaci suke a farke
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| 136. and partly aware,
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136. tare da dan sanin inda kansu yake,
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| 137. who show erratic signs of consciousness so that at one time they might be able to follow a simple instruction
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137. da ke nuna alamun farkawa ta yarda a wani lokaci za su iya bin umarnin abin da aka ce su yi,
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| 138. and another they might not.
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138. wasu kuwa ba za su iya ba.
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| 139. Even today, however, we’re still arguing over who is conscious and who isn’t.
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139. Har zuwa yau, ana ci gaba da taqaddama kan wane ne ya san inda kansa yake da kuma wanda bai sani ba.
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