bbchausa verticals/001 smart chickens

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Revision as of 12:25, 21 June 2017 by Admin (talk | contribs) (/* #: The world's most common bird is actually intelligent [http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20170110-despite-what-you-might-think-chickens-are-not-stupid] Tsuntsun da ya fi kowane shahara a duniya na da wayau, [http://www.bbc.com/hausa/mujalla-3893255...)

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#: Chickens are remarkably intelligent and may even be empathic [1] <> yana da matukar damuwa game da walwalar 'yan uwansa [2]

#: The world 's most common bird is actually intelligent [3] <> Tsuntsun da ya fi kowane shahara a duniya na da wayau, [4]

#: and perhaps even sensitive to the welfare of its peers – [5] <> har ma ta yiwu yana da matukar damuwa game da walwalar 'yan uwansa - [6]

#: which might raise some uncomfortable ethical questions for the farming industry [7] <> al'amarin da kan bijiro da tambayoyi masu tayar da zaune tsaye a harkar noma. [8]

#: There is something odd about chickens. [9] <> Akwai wani abu mai rikitarwa game da kaji. [10]

#: Globally they number more than 19 billion, [11] <> A fadin duniya yawansu ya kai biliyan 19, [12]

#: making them one of the most abundant vertebrate species on the planet. [13] <> al'amarin da ya mayar da su daya daga cikin nau'ukan halittu masu kasusuwa a fadin duniya. [14]

#: Yet many people have little or no contact with the birds – at least, not while they are alive. [15] <> Sai dai mutane da dama ba su cika hulda da tsuntsayen ba, musamman a lokacin da suke raye. [16]

#: That has led to some strange assumptions about chickens. [17] <> Wannan lamari ya haifar da ce-ce ku-ce mara kan gado game da kaji. [18]

#: According to some studies, [19] <> Kamar yadda yake kunshe a wasu nau'ukan bincike, [20]

#: people can struggle even to see them as typical birds. [21] <> mutane na fafutikar daukarsu ne tamkar kowane irin tsuntsu. [22]

#: They are, in fact, reasonably representative of the galliformes, [23] <> A gaskiya ma su wakilai ne na tsuntsayen gida masu nauyin jiki (ba kasafai suke yin nisa ba), [24]

#: a bird group that also includes turkeys, partridges and pheasants. [25] <> wadanda suka hada da talo-talo da kurciya da dawisun Asiya. [26]

#: It is also common [27] <> Wannan kuma sanannen abu ne [28]

#: for people to view chickens as unintelligent animals [29] <> a wajen mutane da suke ganin kaji ba su da basira [30]

#: that lack the complex psychological characteristics of ʺhigherʺ animals like monkeys and apes. [31] <> ba su ma da wasu ʺcukurdaddun al'amura na dabi'uʺ manya da ke bukatar zurfin tunani kamar na sauran dabbobi irin su birai da gwaggon biri. [32]

#: This is a view reinforced by some depictions of chickens in popular culture, [33] <> Wannan ita ce fahimtar da wasu suka tabbatar da ita wajen kwatanta kaji a sananniyar al'ada, [34]

#: and one that might help people feel better about eating eggs or chicken meat produced by intensive farming practices. [35] <> al'amarin da ke bai wa mutane kwanciyar hankali wajen cin kwayaye ko naman kaza da aka samar ta hanyar kiwatawa. [36]

#: But chickens are, in fact, anything but dumb. [37] <> Amma kaji wasu ire-ire ne daban, sabanin yadda ake dauka suna yin dukum. [38]

#: They can count, [39] <> Sukan iya kididddige ala'amura, [40]

#: show some level of self-awareness, [41] <> su nuna sanin abin da suke ciki, [42]

#: and even manipulate one another by Machiavellian means. [43] <> har ma su yi tasirin juya akalar junansu wajen tallafar juna kwatancin salon mulkin 'Machiavelli' (wani littafi da ya shahara a wajen masu nazarin salon mulkin al'umma). [44]

#: In fact, [45] <> A gaskiya ma, [46]

#: chickens are so smart [47] <> kaji na da matukar wayau, [48]

#: that even a limited amount of exposure to the living birds [49] <> ta yadda takaitacciyar hulda da wadannan tsuntsaye [50]

#: can crush longstanding preconceptions. [51] <> na iya kawar da gurguwar fahimtar da aka dade da yi musu. [52]

#: I never thought that chickens would be intelligent enough and learn quite so quickly [53] <> Ban taba tunanin cewa kaji na da cikakken wayau ba tare da saurin fahimta sai daga bisani. [54]

#: For a study published in 2015, [55] <> A wani bincike da aka wallafa a shekarar 2015, [56]

#: Lisel O'Dwyer and Susan Hazel ran a class for undergraduates at the University of Adelaide, Australia. [57] <> Lisel O'Dwyer da Susan Hazel sun gabatar da darussa ga dalibai masu neman digirin farko a Jami'ar Adelaide ta Austiraliya. [58]

#: As a way to learn about psychology and cognition, the students performed experiments that involved training chickens. [59] <> A matsayin hanyar fahimtar fannin alkiblar tunanin da cikakkiyar fahimta, an sanya dalibai gwaje-gwajen da suka hada da bai wa kaji horo. [60]

#: the students performed experiments that involved training chickens. [61] <> an sanya dalibai gwaje-gwajen da suka hada da bai wa kaji horo. [62]

#: Before the class began, [63] <> Kafin a fara karatu a ajin, [64]

#: the students completed a questionnaire. [65] <> daliban sun cika wasu takardun neman bayanai. [66]

#: Most said they had previously spent little time with chickens. [67] <> Mafi yawansu sun ce ba su cika zama tare da kaji ba. [68]

#: They viewed them as simple creatures, unlikely to feel boredom, frustration or happiness. [69] <> Suna yi musu kallon halittu masu saukin lamari, kuma babu yadda za a yi su nuna gajiya da takaici ko farin ciki. [70]

#: After just two hours training the birds, [71] <> Bayan shafe sa'o'i biyu ana horar da kajin, [72]

#: the students were far more likely to appreciate that chickens can feel all three of these emotional states. [73] <> daliban sun samu cikakkiyar gamsuwa cewa kaji na damfare da jin wadannan al'amura uku a zuciyarsu (gajiya da takaici da farin ciki). [74]

#: "Chickens are a lot smarter than I originally thought," [75] <> "Kaji na da matukar wayau fiye da yadda ake kallon su a da," [76]

#: commented one student on a follow-up questionnaire. [77] <> kamar yadda wani dalibi ya yi sharhi a takardun bayanan da suka biyo baya. [78]

#: Another said: "I never thought that chickens would be intelligent enough and learn quite so quickly." [79] <> Wani kuwa cewa ya yi: "Ban taba tunanin cewa kaji na da cikakken wayau ba tare da saurin fahimta sai daga bisani." [80]

#: In as-yet-unpublished research, [81] <> Kamar yadda yake kunshe a wani bincicke da ba a wallafa ba, [82]

#: O'Dwyer has replicated this study with workers in the poultry industry, and found the same results. [83] <> ODwyer ya sake maimaita kwatankwacin irin wannan binciken tare da ma'aikata a gonar kiwon kaji, ya kuma samu sakamako iri guda. [84]

#: "Basically we had two quite different social groups and found the same [[[initial]]] attitudes and the same attitude change in both," she says. [85] <> "Tabbas mun samu rukuni biyu mabambanta, mun same su da al'adu iri daya, da kuma sauyin dabi'a iri guda," inji ta. [86]

#: The researchers have shown that chickens can count and perform basic arithmetic [87] <> Masu bincike sun yi nuni da cewa kaji na iya yin kirga, su kuma yi ayyukan lissafi da suka hada da Tarawa da debewa da sau darbawa [88]

#: She now plans to study whether these experiences have any impact on people's eating habits – [89] <> Yanzu ta shirya gudanar da bincike kan tasirin cin abin cin kaji da mutane ke yi, [90]

#: for instance, whether they shift to eating chicken reared in ways that they believe to be more ethically acceptable. [91] <> alal misali, ko mutane sun fi cin kajin da suka kiwata da jin cewa sun fi karbuwa da kwanciyar hankali. [92]

#: O'Dwyer's study is just one of many picked out by Lori Marino of the Kimmela Center for Animal Advocacy [93] <> Nazarin O'Dwyer daya ne kawai daga jerin wadanda Lori Marino ya dauko daga cibiyar kula da dabobi ta Kimmela da Kanab, [94]

#: in Kanab, Utah, as part of a scientific review of chicken cognition published in January 2017. [95] <> a Utah, don sake bibiyar basirar kaji da aka wallafa a shekarar 2017. [96]

#: "The paper is part of a joint venture between Farm Sanctuary and The Kimmela Center, called The Someone Project," says Marino. [97] <> "Wannan makala aikin hadin gwiwa ne tsakanin gonar Santuary da Cibiyar Kimmela, wanda aka yi wa lakabin "Aikin wani," a cewar Marino. [98]

#: "The aim of the Project is to educate the public about who farmed animals are from the scientific data." [99] <> Manufar aikin ita ce fadakar da al'umma game da kajin da ake kiwonsu gwargwadon bayanan binciken kimiyya da aka tattara. [100]

#: Marino says the scientific evidence shows clearly that chickens are not as unaware and unintelligent as many people assume. [101] <> Marino ya ce binciken kimiyya ya bayyana karara cewa kaji na da wayau da dabara fiye da yadda mutane da dama ke tsammani. [102]

#: Take, for instance, a suite of papers published over the last decade by Rosa Rugani at the University of Padova, Italy, and her colleagues. [103] <> Alal misali akwai makalun da aka wallafa shekaru 10 da suka gabata na Rosa Rugan ta Jami'ar Padova da ke Italiya, tare da abokamn aikinta. [104]

#: Working with newly-hatched chicks, the researchers have shown that chickens can count and perform basic arithmetic. [105] <> Wajen bin kadin rayuwar 'yan tsakin da aka kyankyashe, masu binciken sun yi nuni da cewa kaji na iya yin kirge, su kuma gudanar da ayyukan lissafi [106]

#: Chickens may also have some ability to perform "mental time travel" [107] <> Ta yiwu kaji na iya aiwatar da aikace-aikacen da suka hada da "zurfafa tunani." [108]

#: The chicks were raised from hatching with five objects [109] <> An samar da 'yan tsakin ne ta hanyar kyankyasa da abubuwa biyar [110]

#: the plastic containers from Kinder Surprise eggs. [111] <> mazuban roba daga na'urar kyankyasar kwayaye. [112]

#: After a few days, the scientists took the five objects [113] <> Bayan kwanaki kadan, sai masana kimiyya suka dauko wadannan abubuwa biyar, [114]

#: and, in full view of the chicks, hid three behind one screen and two behind a second screen. [115] <> inda suka yi nazarin 'yan tsakin, suka boye uku a bayan mahanga ta farko, suka saka na biyu a wata mahangar. [116]

#: The chicks were more likely to approach the screen hiding more of the objects. [117] <> Akwai yiwuwar wadan an tsaki su tunkari mahangar karara fiye da sauran abubuwan. [118]

#: A follow-up experiment tested the chicks' memory and ability to add and subtract. [119] <> Sake bibiyar gwajin kaifin tunanmi da iya Tarawa da debewar 'yan tsaki. [120]

#: After the objects had been hidden behind the two screens, [121] <> Bayan da aka boye kaya a bayan shinge, [122]

#: the scientists began transferring objects between the two screens, in view of the chicks. [123] <> masana kimiyya sun fara mayar da kayan tsakanin mahangai biyu, injin da 'yan tsaki za su iya gani. [124]

#: Chickens have a strong grasp of numerical tasks from a young age, even if they have limited experience, says Rugani. [125] <> Kaji na da basirar fahimtar kidayar lissafi tun sa'adda suka dan tasa, kodayake takaitacciya ce, a cewar Rugani. [126]

#: She thinks that might be true of higher animals in general, rather than chickens in particular. [127] <> Tana jin cewa, ta yiwu a ce kaifin tunaninta ya fi na sauran dabbobi daukacinsu, maimaikon a ce kaji kawai. [128]

#: "These abilities would help animals in their natural environment, [129] <> "Irin wannan basirar tana taimaka wa dabbbobi a muhallinsu, [130]

#: for example to reach a larger amount of food, or to find a larger group for social companionship," she says. [131] <> misali kan yadda za su kai ga samun dimbin abinci, ko gungun 'yan uwansu da za su yi huldar zamantakewa tare, " inji ta. [132]

#: If a male chicken foraging for food finds a particularly tasty morsel, he will often try to impress nearby females by performing a dance [133] <> Idan zakara ya samu abinci mai dadin dandano, ya yi ta kokarin burge kaji ta hanyar taka rawa. [134]

#: Chickens may also have some ability to perform "mental time travel" [135] <> Kaji na da kokarin "zurfafa tunani" [136]

#: that is, to imagine what will happen in the future – [137] <> wato, su yi kintacen abin da zai auku nan gaba [138]

#: to secure a larger amount of food, [139] <> ta yadda za su samu tara dimbin abinci, [140]

#: according to a 2005 study led by Siobhan Abeyesinghe, [141] <> kamar yadda bayanin ke kunshe a wani nazari da aka gudanar a shekarar 2005 karkarshin jagorancin Siobhan Abeyesinghe, [142]

#: then at the University of Bristol, UK. [143] <> wanda a lokacin yake tare da Jami'ar Bristol ta Birtaniya. [144]

#: Abeyesinghe gave chickens the option of pecking one key, [145] <> Abeyesinghe ya bai wa kaji zabin tsattsaga kwaya guda, [146]

#: which would give brief access to food after a two-second delay, [147] <> wanda zai ba su damar samun abinci bayan an samu tsaiko sau biyu, [148]

#: or pecking a second key that gave prolonged access to food after a six-second delay. [149] <> ko tsattsaga kwaya ta biyu, wanda zai samar musu da abinci na dogon lokaci bayan an samu tsaiko sau shida. [150]

#: The birds were significantly more likely to peck at the second key, [151] <> Akwai tabbacin cewa wadannan tsuntsaye za su kara tsattsaga a karo na biyu, [152]

#: which offered a greater food reward but after a longer delay time. [153] <> al'amarin da zai basu dammar samun abinci a lokacin da aka samu tsaiko na tsawon lokaci. [154]

#: In other words, they showed self-control – a trait that some biologists think hints at a degree of self-awareness. [155] <> A wata fahimtar, a iya cewa sun iya shawo kan matsala - wata dabi'a da masana kimiyyar halittu ke ganin haske ne da ke nuni da fahimtar halin da suke ciki. [156]

#: Chickens are also socially complex. [157] <> Kuma kaji na da rudarwa a halin zamantakewa. [158]

#: Some studies suggest the birds can appreciate how the world must appear to their peers, [159] <> Wasu nau'ukan nazari da aka gudanar sun yi nuni da cewa, tsuntsayen sun gamsu da yadda ya zame wa duniya dole ta tarairayi 'yan uwansu, [160]

#: and that they can use this information for personal advantage. [161] <> kuma za su iya yin amfani. [162]

#: Females quickly wise up to males who perform this sort of deception too often [163] <> Kaji mata su kan yi saurin gano manufar zakaru da ke yin irin wannan yaudarar akai. [164]

#: If a male chicken foraging for food finds a particularly tasty morsel, [165] <> Idan zakara yana neman abinci sai ya samu mai dadin dandano. [166]

#: he will often try to impress nearby females by performing a dance while making a characteristic food call. [167] <> Yakan yi ta kokarin jan hankalin kaji, ta hanyar rawa tare da yi musu inkiya su zo ga abinci. [168]

#: However, subordinate males that perform this song-and-dance routine risk being noticed and attacked by the dominant male. [169] <> Ko da yake wasu kananan zakarun sukan yi irin wannan waka da rawa tare da kasadar akwai yiwuwar manyan zakaru su kai musu hari. [170]

#: So if the dominant male is nearby, [171] <> Saboda haka idan karfafan zakaran da ke kusa, [172]

#: the subordinate often performs his special dance in silence, in a bid to impress females without the dominant male noticing. [173] <> sai karamin zakara ya yi rawarsa a kubu, ta yadda zai ja hankalin kaji ba tare da an karar da kakkarfan zakara ba. [174]

#: Meanwhile, some males may try to trick females into approaching by making the characteristic food calls [175] <> Sai dai kuma wasu daga cikin zakarun ta yiwu su yaudari kaji ta hanyar inkiyar kiransu zuwa ga abinci, [176]

#: even when they have not found anything worth crowing about. [177] <> har ma a lokacin da ba su samu komai ba. [178]

#: Unsurprisingly, females quickly wise up to males who perform this sort of deception too often. [179] <> Lamarin babu mamaki ganin cewa kaji na da wayon gano cewa rawar da zakarun ke takawa ta yaudara ce kai da kai. [180]

#: There are even some hints that chickens may show a rudimentary form of empathy for each other. [181] <> Akwai wasu alamu da kaji ke yi, wadanda ke nuna cewa suna tausaya wa juna. [182]

#: In a series of studies over the last six years, Joanne Edgar at the University of Bristol, UK [183] <> A jerin nau'ukan nazrin bincike da aka dauki shekara shida ana yi, Joanne Edgar na Jami'ar Bristol da ke Birtaniya [184]

#: and her colleagues have studied how hens react when they see their chicks having air puffed at them – [185] <> da abokan aikinta sun yi nazari kan yadda kaji ke daukar mataki da zarar sun ga iska na kada wa 'yan tsaki [186]

#: something the hens have learned, from personal experience, is mildly unpleasant. [187] <> daga abin da kajin suka koya daga gogewarsu ta rayuwa, cewa wannan matsala ce kankanuwa. [188]

#: Hens can respond to their personal knowledge of the potential for chick discomfort [189] <> Kaji na iya daukar mataki saboda fahimtar da suke da ita game da abin da ka iya takura wa dan tsako. [190]

#: When the chicks were puffed, the hens' hearts began to race and they called more frequently to the chicks. [191] <> Duk lokacin da 'yan tsaki suke numfashi da kyar, sai zuciyar kaji ta fara bugawa, inda za su yi ta kiran 'yan tsakin akai, akai. [192]

#: However, they did not do so if the air was puffed near the chicks without actually disturbing them. [193] <> Sai dai ba sa aikata hakan idan iska na kadawa kusa da 'yan tsakin ta yadda ba za su dame su ba. [194]

#: In a study published in 2013, the hens learned to associate one coloured box [195] <> A wani bincike da aka wallafa a shekarar 2003, kaji sun saba da cakuduwa da junansu a akurki mai launi, [196]

#: with the uncomfortable air puff and a second coloured box with safety – no air puff. [197] <> inda iska mai takurawa ke kadawa, sai kuma akurki mai launi na biyu, wanda isaka ba ta kadawa. [198]

#: The hens again showed signs of concern when chicks were placed in the "dangerous" box, [199] <> Sai kajin su nuna alamun damuwarsu ga halin da 'yan tsaki ke ciki a wani akurki "mai hadari," [200]

#: even if the chicks never actually experienced an air puff and remained oblivious to the peril. [201] <> koda tsakin babu iskar da ta far musu, kuma ba su ma da masaniyar cewa akwai hadari tattare da su. [202]

#: This suggests that hens can respond to their personal knowledge of the potential for chick discomfort, [203] <> Wannan na nuni da cewa kaji na da fahimtar mayar da martani ga abin da ke takura wa dan tsako, [204]

#: rather than simply reacting to signs of distress in the youngsters. [205] <> sabanin daukar mataki kan alamun damuwar masu tasawa. [206]

#: The research is ongoing, says Edgar. [207] <> Ana dai ci gaba da bincike a cewar Edgar. [208]

#: "We have not yet established whether the behavioural [209] <> "Har yanzu ba mu tantance ba, [210]

#: and physiological responses in hens observing their chicks in mild distress are indicative of an emotional response, [211] <> kan ko cewa kaduwa da dabi'ar da kaji ke nunawa idan suka hango tsaki ko suna nuni ne ga damuwa, [212]

#: or are simply akin to arousal or interest." [213] <> ko kawai wani jan hankali ne." [214]

#: When the chicks were puffed, the hens' hearts began to race [215] <> Da zarar 'yan tsaki sun suke, sai kaji zuciyarsu ta fara bugawa, [216]

#: and they called more frequently to the chicks [217] <> inda suke kira a kai, akai ga tsakin, [218]

#: that could raise serious questions about the way farmed chickens are reared. [219] <> al'amarin da ke tayar da hankali sosai kan yadda ake kiwon kajin. [220]

#: "There are numerous situations where all farm animals are exposed to [221] <> "Akwai yanayi da dama inda ake baje dabbobin gona a fili da ware wasunsu daidaiku, [222]

#: the sights, sounds and smells of other individuals showing signs of pain and distress," says Edgar. [223] <> al'amarin da ke haifar musu da jin zafin ciwo da damuwa," a cewar Edgar. [224]

#: "It is important to determine whether their welfare might be reduced at these times." [225] <> "Yana da matukar alfanu a tantance ko suna samun cikakkiyar kulawa da za su rage matsalolin a irin wadannan lokutan." [226]

#: Marino also thinks it may be time to discuss these questions. [227] <> Marino na jin cewa ta yiwu wannan lokacin da za a tattauna kan wadannan tambayoyin. [228]

#: "The perception of chickens [[[as]] unaware and unintelligent] is driven in part by the motivation to dismiss their intelligence [229] <> "Abin da aka fahimta game da kaji (ba su san halin da suke ciki ba, kuma ba su da wayau) lamarin ya auku ne saboda karsashin da aka samu na yin watsi da basirarsu [230]

#: and sensibilities because people eat them," she says. [231] <> da sanin yanayin da suke ciki saboda kawai mutane su ci namansu. [232]

#: The uncomfortable truth about chickens is that they are far more cognitively advanced than many people might appreciate. [233] <> Gaskiyar da ba a cika gamsuwa da ita ba, game da kaji, ita ce suna da kaifin basira fiye da yadda mutane suke zato. [234]

#: But it remains to be seen whether consumers who are armed with this knowledge change their shopping habits at the meat counter. [235] <> Sai dai, saura ya rage ga masu sayen nama idan suka samu fahimta ko za su sauya dabi'arsu wajen sayen naman. [236]

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